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Machine Learning

◎ Clustering

Finding hidden structure in unlabelled data — partition, hierarchy, density, and probabilistic approaches.

5 concepts— start at the top and work your way down
  1. 1

    K-Means Clustering

    Partitioning data into k clusters by iteratively assigning points to the nearest centroid and re-computing centroids until convergence.

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  2. 2

    Hierarchical Clustering

    Building a tree of nested clusters — either by merging (agglomerative) or splitting (divisive) — visualized as a dendrogram.

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  3. 3

    DBSCAN

    Density-based clustering that groups densely packed points and marks sparse regions as noise — no need to specify k in advance.

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  4. 4

    Gaussian Mixture Models

    Modelling data as a weighted sum of Gaussian distributions, fitted by the EM algorithm — soft clustering with probabilistic assignments.

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  5. 5

    Cluster Evaluation

    Measuring clustering quality without labels — the elbow method, silhouette score, and Davies-Bouldin index.

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